Introduction Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (World Health Organization, 2020). Mental health is an important part of overall health and is just as important as physical health. Mental health disorders can have a major effect on an individual’s life, and can often lead to physical health issues as well. This blog will discuss the importance of mental health, and provide resources to help individuals understand and manage their mental health. What is Mental Health? Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral well-being (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is characterized by how an individual feels, thinks, and behaves. It is impacted by biological, psychological, and social factors, including genetics, family history, trauma, life experiences, and social support. Mental health issues can range from mild to severe, and can affect an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Signs and Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders Mental health disorders can have a wide range of signs and symptoms, which vary depending on the disorder. Common signs and symptoms of mental health disorders include: • Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness • Feeling constantly anxious or worried • Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much • Changes in appetite or weight • Trouble focusing or concentrating • Memory problems • Substance abuse • Excessive use of alcohol • Engaging in risky behaviors • Withdrawing from family and friends • Feeling overwhelmed • Feeling irritable or agitated • Suicidal thoughts If you are experiencing any of these signs and symptoms, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional. Types of Mental Health Disorders There are many different types of mental health disorders, including: • Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry and fear. Examples of anxiety disorders include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. • Mood Disorders: These disorders are characterized by extreme changes in mood that can interfere with everyday life. Examples of mood disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. • Eating Disorders: Eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and thoughts about food. Examples of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. • Psychotic Disorders: Psychotic disorders are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other symptoms of psychosis. Examples of psychotic disorders include schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. • Personality Disorders: Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking and behavior. Examples of personality disorders include borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. • Substance Use Disorders: Substance use disorders are characterized by an inability to control one’s use of alcohol or drugs. Examples of substance use disorders include alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. Importance of Mental Health Mental health is essential for overall wellbeing and quality of life. Mental health plays an important role in how individuals think, feel, and behave. It affects the way individuals interact with the world around them, and can have a major impact on an individual’s physical health. Mental health issues can lead to physical health issues, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is also important for personal relationships. Mental health issues can make it difficult to maintain relationships, and can lead to social isolation and loneliness. Additionally, mental health issues can make it difficult to manage everyday tasks, such as school and work, and can lead to financial problems (American Psychological Association, 2018). Managing Mental Health There are several strategies that individuals can use to manage their mental health. These include: • Developing healthy coping skills: Developing healthy coping skills can help individuals manage stress and difficult emotions. Examples of healthy coping skills include mindfulness, deep breathing, exercise, and talking to a friend or mental health professional. • Building a support system: Having a strong social support system can be beneficial for mental health. It is important to build relationships with individuals who are supportive and understanding. • Getting regular exercise: Exercise can help individuals manage stress and improve mood. It is important to find an activity that is enjoyable and that can be done regularly. • Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet can provide the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly. It is important to eat a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. • Practicing self-care: Self-care is important for mental health. Examples of self-care activities include taking a relaxing bath, getting enough sleep, and spending time doing something enjoyable. Mental health and professional Life Mental health is an integral part of professional life, and its importance cannot be overstated. It affects the well-being and productivity of employees, and it is essential that employers recognize and address any mental health issues in their workforce. Mental health issues can have a major impact on an individual's ability to perform at work, and can lead to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and increased stress levels. Employers must take steps to ensure that the workplace is a supportive environment for all employees. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, and implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance. Additionally, employers should provide resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues, such as access to mental health professionals and programs. Mental health issues can manifest in different ways in the workplace, including stress and burnout, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Stress and burnout can occur when an employee feels overwhelmed by their workload, and is unable to cope with the demands of their job. Symptoms of stress and burnout can include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and a lack of motivation. It is important for employers to recognize these signs and provide employees with the necessary support to help them manage their stress levels. Depression is another common mental health issue that can affect professional life. Symptoms of depression can include persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. It is important to provide employees with the resources and support they need to manage their depression, and to ensure that they seek professional help if necessary. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue that can have a significant impact on one’s ability to perform at work. Symptoms of anxiety can include difficulty concentrating, restlessness, irritability, and difficulty making decisions. Employers should be aware of these signs and provide employees with the necessary resources and support to manage their anxiety. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that can adversely affect an individual’s ability to perform at work. Substance abuse can lead to difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships. It is important for employers to recognize any signs of substance abuse and provide employees with the resources and support they need to address the problem. It is essential that employers create a supportive workplace environment that promotes mental health and well-being. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance, and providing resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues. By taking steps to address mental health issues, employers can create a workplace that is supportive and conducive to productivity. Mental Health in social life Social life plays a critical role in mental health, as it is an important source of support and connection. Social connections provide individuals with a sense of belonging, purpose, and meaning. The quality of relationships between individuals is often a reflection of the quality of their mental health, as social connections can both positively and negatively affect mental health. Social support from family, friends, and the community helps to provide an environment of acceptance and understanding. It can also provide individuals with the resources they need to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns. Social support can also be highly beneficial in helping individuals to recognize and address their mental health needs. Social media has had a significant impact on social life and mental health. Social media can be a helpful tool for connecting with others and promoting positive mental health, but it can also have a negative impact. Social media can foster feelings of comparison and social isolation, leading to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Social media can also be a source of cyberbullying, which can cause severe emotional distress and have long-term consequences for individuals’ mental health. Therefore, it is important to be mindful when using social media, and to be aware of the potential risks. In addition to social media, the physical environment can also influence mental health. Unsafe neighbourhoods, overcrowding, and pollution can all contribute to mental health issues. Poor living conditions can also lead to feelings of helplessness, isolation, and stress, which can further worsen mental health. The workplace is also an important factor in mental health. The workplace is a source of stress, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. Unfair treatment, discrimination, and harassment can all have serious negative impacts on mental health. It is important to ensure that workplaces are safe, inclusive, and respectful, and that they promote positive mental health. Overall, mental health is essential to consider in the context of social life. Social connections can provide important support and resources, while social media and physical environments can have a significant impact on mental health. The workplace is an important factor in mental health, and it is important to ensure that it is a safe, inclusive, and respectful environment. It is essential to take steps to promote positive mental health, and to support individuals in recognizing and addressing their mental health needs. Mental health in sports Mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It affects athletes, coaches, and staff in all levels of sport. Mental health is often overlooked and under-discussed, yet has a significant impact on performance and well-being. This paper will discuss the prevalence of mental health issues in sports, the various forms they can take, the factors that contribute to them, and the strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. Mental health issues in sports are very common and can have a major impact on athletes’ performance, physical health, and overall well-being. According to the World Health Organization, one in four people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime. This statistic is even higher in the sports world, with research showing that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. These issues can have a direct effect on athletes’ performance and physical health, as well as their mental and emotional well-being. Mental health issues in sports can take many forms, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, and even suicide. Depression is one of the most common forms of mental health issues in sports. It is estimated that up to 21 percent of athletes suffer from depression. Symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety is another common mental health issue in sports. It is estimated that up to 20 percent of athletes suffer from anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety include excessive worry and fear, difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, difficulty sleeping, and physical symptoms such as headaches and nausea. Eating disorders are also common in the sports world, with up to 28 percent of athletes suffering from an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. Symptoms of eating disorders include extreme changes in eating habits, excessive exercise, and changes in weight. Substance abuse is also a major problem in the sports world, with up to 15 percent of athletes suffering from substance abuse issues. Symptoms of substance abuse include changes in behavior, difficulty concentrating, and physical symptoms such as nausea and headaches. Finally, suicide is a major issue in the sports world, with up to 8 percent of athletes attempting suicide. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports. These can include physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. Physical stress is one of the most common factors contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the physical demands of the sport, the demands of training, and the demands of competition. Emotional stress is also a major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform, the fear of failure, and the fear of not meeting expectations. Injury is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include physical injuries as well as the emotional and psychological impact of injury. Lack of support is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include lack of support from teammates, coaches, and family. Finally, pressure to perform is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform well, the pressure to win, and the pressure to succeed. There are many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. These can include increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. Increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues is an important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include educating athletes, coaches, and staff on the signs and symptoms of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and encouraging open dialogue about mental health issues. Providing access to mental health resources is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include providing access to mental health professionals, providing support groups, and providing access to mental health services. Finally, implementing policies and procedures to support athletes is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include implementing policies and procedures to address mental health issues, providing training and resources to coaches and staff, and creating an environment of support and understanding. In conclusion, mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It is estimated that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports, including physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. There are also many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world, including increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. By implementing these strategies, the sports world can create an environment of support and understanding, and promote better mental health for all involved. mental health of pregnant and lactating mothers Mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health disorders can have a negative impact on the life of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Women who experience mental health issues during pregnancy and lactation are more likely to experience complications, engage in unhealthy behaviours, and require additional medical care. It is therefore important that mental health issues are identified and addressed as early as possible, to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. When a woman becomes pregnant, her body undergoes significant physical, psychological and emotional changes. These changes can be overwhelming, and can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, depression, and other mental health issues. Pregnant women may also experience hormonal changes, which can affect their mood and behaviour. Women who are pregnant are at an increased risk of developing mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, and it is important that these issues are identified and addressed as early as possible. Lactation is the process of producing milk for an infant, and is a natural process that occurs after childbirth. Lactation is essential for any mother who wishes to breastfeed her child, and can also be beneficial for both mother and child in terms of bonding and health. However, lactation can also be a source of stress and anxiety for some mothers, especially those who are new to the process. Lactation can also lead to feelings of exhaustion, which can have a negative impact on a woman’s mental health. It is therefore important that lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues can have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Depression and anxiety can lead to increased levels of stress, which can affect a woman’s physical and mental health. Women who are experiencing depression or anxiety during pregnancy or lactation may be less likely to seek medical attention, or to follow a healthy lifestyle, which can put both mother and baby at risk. Women who are experiencing mental health issues during pregnancy or lactation may also be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and using recreational drugs, which can have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed. Pregnant and lactating women should make an effort to eat a balanced diet, get plenty of rest and exercise, and stay connected to family and friends. Women should also take time to relax and take part in activities that they enjoy, as this can help to reduce stress and anxiety. Women should also seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties, as this can help to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. In conclusion, mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is therefore important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues among politicians Mental health issues have always been a cause of concern for individuals, regardless of their profession or social standing. This is particularly true for politicians, who are often under immense pressure to perform and are constantly in the public eye. This can lead to a range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicidal ideation. However, due to the stigma associated with mental health, politicians are often reluctant to seek help, which can have severe consequences. In this paper, we will discuss the mental health issues that politicians face, the factors that contribute to them, and the importance of seeking professional help. Depression is one of the most common mental health issues among politicians. This is often due to the intense pressure that politicians are under to perform their duties and to maintain public approval. As a result, they may feel overwhelmed, isolated, and exhausted. Furthermore, the constant scrutiny and criticism from the public and the media can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue among politicians. This is often due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the political environment. Politicians may feel overwhelmed by the potential consequences of their decisions, as well as the potential for failure. Furthermore, their anxiety may be exacerbated by the fear of public criticism, or of not being able to meet the expectations of their constituents. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that politicians face. This is often due to the stress and anxiety associated with their positions, as well as the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere. As a result, they may turn to drugs and alcohol in an effort to cope with their feelings of stress and anxiety. Furthermore, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Suicidal ideation is another mental health issue associated with politics. This is often due to the intense pressure and criticism that politicians face, as well as feelings of isolation and exhaustion. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Furthermore, the public scrutiny and criticism can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, which can lead to suicidal thoughts. There are several factors that can contribute to mental health issues among politicians. These include the intense pressure and scrutiny that they face, the unpredictability of the political environment, the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere, and the potential consequences of their decisions. Additionally, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Furthermore, the lack of time for rest and relaxation can exacerbate existing mental health issues. It is important for politicians to seek professional help in order to address their mental health issues. Mental health professionals can provide the necessary support and guidance to help politicians manage their symptoms and cope with the stress and anxiety associated with their positions. Additionally, professional help can provide a safe and supportive environment for politicians to discuss their feelings and to develop strategies for managing their mental health. Furthermore, professional help can offer the opportunity to explore underlying issues and to make meaningful changes in their lives.

“Practice Makes a man perfect” Luis Enrique Spain Football Team Manager had advised the team players to practice 1000 penalties before the FIFA World Cup 2022 being aware of the importance of penalty kicks. The players either had not practiced or their practiced went in vain as they were defeated by Morocco in penalty shoot outs in the FIFA World Cup 2022. The ball possession of Spain was significantly higher than Morocco, but Spain team was unable to make lethal moves to score a goal. While on the other hand a couple of good moves were missed by the striker of Morocco. Spain didn’t play attacking game and with such ball possession they should have scored at least two goals. On the other hand, Morocco team was quite defensive but whenever get an opportunity made good moves but the strikers could not finish those moves. In the FIFA World Cup 2022, Spain vs Morocco has given the other teams some good lessons. The teams at knockout stages should play an attacking game rather than focusing on ball possession. If you have 70% of the ball possession and you do not score a goal it is a failure. Though Morocco won the match but they didn’t show the class which they have in the group stage matches. They were very much in the back foot and will need to change their game approach against Portugal in the quarter finals. Morocco at FIFA World Cup 2022 have surprised the football fans in group stage matches and before the Spain vs Morocco match many analysts had predicted a crunch encounter. In the upcoming match against Portugal Morocco cannot be declared as underdogs and they have the ability to outclass Portugal as well with a slight change of their approach by playing an attacking game.

Introduction Dog history is as old as man. The man's primary life was nomadic. Thus its food depends on sheep and goat rearing to fulfill its food need and the dog was much supportive in safeguarding its stock. Although there is a religious issue in keeping dogs because of their impurity and fear of disease reality is that the man kept the dog for fun, haunting, protection, and management of the herd. The importance of a dog had been in the man's life and its importance will not lessen. Without dog hunting expeditions are distasteful and managing a large herd of goats and sheep is deception. A dog is a stern guard against predators and robs. The man remains never hostile to the dog despite its impurity and fear of disease. The adopting of dog without any social status (Rich & Poor) adopting of dog is continued for centuries. Significance of Keeping Dog Keeping a pet at home is a tradition since time immemorial. A dog is the most familiar and common pet. It is commonly understood that pet has positive effects on your health. But dogs have the additional benefit of requiring be walking and playing with numerous times a day. A dog has been proved to be a good companion while exercising reducing the risk of heart diseases. It also admitted fact that pet owners particular Dog player vital role in reducing suffering from depression. Taking care of a dog requires frequent activity during the day which keeps you vibrant all the time. Types of Dog Dog lovers, adopters, and experts believe that there are more than 200 types of dogs presently in the world. However, among them, 10 breeds are prominent and most popular. The details are jotted down for the interest of the reader and to identify the breed adopted by the reader. Labrador Retriever Dog lovers are much interested in this average size breed because of its trusting nature, family-friendly and immense brainpower. Much popular in army and hunters because of their high sense ability to search and detecting capability. On an average adult, Labrador sleeps for ten hours. The sleeping hours may increase for Labrador due to hot weather, boredom, illness, and diet. German Shepherd Large in size as compare to Labrador. Despite a threatening look, this kind of breed is almost tender and hard working. German shepherd normally sleeps for twelve hours and maximum up to fourteen hours depending upon its lifestyle. An active German shepherd sleeps for less hour as it has a duty of protection. The sleeping hours of puppies and older German shepherd are comparatively longer. If the sleeping hours of the German shepherd exceeds 16 hours than one should be worried and this may be due to illness. Golden Retriever Very much similar to Labrador retriever. Golden Retriever is well-known for its friendly nature, brilliance and skills as a working dog. Often used for guiding purposes. The average sleeping time of Golden Retrievers is from ten to twelve hours. To manage the sleep of Golden Retriever a place should be established and ensure your dog sleep at night time. Beagle Small, cute, and without anger particularly this bred is used for hunting purposes. Popular to sniff-out prey from large distances. Beagle on average sleep for ten to twelve hours a day. Several factors impact the sleeping time of a Beagle which are: age of the Beagle, level of activity, and its size. Bulldog This breed is normally obedient, cool, and submissive. Bulldogs are best for those adopters who possess small homes and yards. Bulldog spend half of the time in sleeping and remains active for little time (20%). If the Bulldog sleeps for the whole day and becomes anxious then it is a matter of concern. Yorkshire terrier Small, gorgeous, and easy to train. It has long sleep hours ranging from 13 to 18 hours. For a sound sleep a comfortable bed, ensure it sleeps at night time, make it tired and must have a potty break before going to sleep. Boxer Recognized as loyal and a playful shielding manner. Boxers on average also sleep for 12 to 14 hours. Poodle The poodle is a Tiny and Toy size breed. An adult Poodle sleeps for 12 hours. The poodles should have a relaxed environment and a comfortable bed to have normal sleep. Rottweiler Adopted by herder to protect livestock. This breed is considered as a guard dog. It also sleeps for 12 hours and the major factors affecting its sleep are diet, weather, boredom, and illness. Dachshunds Dachshunds breed is hunting dogs and comparatively, it sleeps more due to its instinct and other factors such as boredom, health, and daily activity. Proper Dog Caring The essential parts of keeping and caring for your adopted dog are comprised of proper food, water and friendly shelter besides physical caring. In addition to averting any disease proper caring preventive and curative measures are also inevitable. Regular bathing, cleaning, and dental cleaning will help to avoid getting sick of the dog. Also, keep close eyes on the early streak of Illness, try to teach obedience, and show cordiality. Almost all dogs are interested in water and eager to swim so purchase him a baby pool. Similarly sparing time to play with a dog is another technique to keep the dog healthy. With regards to curative measure regular visit to your Vet and consultation concerning proper medication on monthly basis is also an essential part of proper dog caring to protect the dog from internal and external parasites. Knowledge of the best monthly parasite preventive medication enhances the beauty and physical appearance nice of an adopted dog besides keep him healthy and happy. Furthermore, the significance of vaccines cannot be denied to protect the dog from the most common and grave diseases. The most important vaccine is anti-rabies. Nevertheless, expert warns avoid vaccination to aged dog over twelve years to protect their immune system. Timely availability and Provision of these things in combination with strict adherence to preventative measures to the dog are much instrumental to keep him healthy, harmless, and determine a long and happy life. Much Sleeping Dog As far as much sleepy dog is concerned, research and expert opinion show that many hours sleeping of dog is normal so no one is required to fret. National Sleep Foundation revealed that the average sleep hour of a dog is around 12 to 14 hours According to the National Sleep Foundation, the average dog sleeps between 12 and 14 hours per 24-hour rotation while on the other side Puppies will sleep 18 to 20 hours. Causes of Much Sleep The sleeping pattern can be changed owing to several diseases and age-related issues thus hours and hours of nodding and snoozing is an indicator of an issue and problems with the dogs and need a proper checkup. After a thorough investigation, the veterinary doctor identified several common causes of much sleeping issue among all types of dogs. Among them, prominent causes are illustrated below: 1. Internal, External Warm and parasite/ sucking of blood 2. Anemia (deficiency of red blood cell in hemoglobin) 3. Nutritional deficiency 4. Stress and Separation of anxiety 5. Weighty and sick dogs also sleep more than healthy dogs. 6. Certain breeds are prone towards sleeping more like lazy Bernese Mountain Dog 7. An increase or decrease in eating, urination, or excretion. 8. Behavior problems are a cause of much asleep which is misunderstood 9. Digestive problems and corpulence 10. The increase in sleep also comes with other behavior problems, like : 11. Gazing at crooks or barriers. 12. Fear and aggression are also the main reason for excessive sleep. 13. Walking, slobbering, and other symbols of nervousness It is further maintained that like human beings, it has recently been realized that the dogs can also suffer from hypertension and high blood pressure eventually suffer the sleeping pattern of your adopted dog. Avoiding salt in food and blood pressure-lowering medication can be helpful to treat the dog to intact its natural sleeping pattern. Last but not least, heart diseases are very common in dogs nowadays. Respiratory disorder and swollen bellies are clear symptoms of heart diseases and the major cause of much sleep in a dog. Suggestion / Recommendation Apart from the above causes and issues may by your sleepy dogs indisposed owing to suffering from hypothyroidism, back pain, diabetes, anxiety, or any other serious ailments. Before visiting to your vet and spend a huge sum on testing, determine that your dog is getting much water as dehydration will get more tired. Similarly changing diet and sufficient nutritional food will also much supportive to overcome the issues with your dog. Obedience training will also help you to prevent or better control of these issues. Moreover, endeavor to keep a record of your dog's sleep patterns and other indications. Ensure your dog is a healthy weight and that she has a lot to do during day time. Despite all the efforts the dog is still spent a massive hour then it is vital to time for you to see the vet. Consult in detail and do the recommended test, which is the only way to reach to the real conclusion about your newly adopted dog concerning his much sleep.

Introduction

Sports is such a field which is meant for providing entertainment, healthy environment and promote peace and harmony in different societies and across the globe. Football is undoubtedly the most popular sport in the world. It is even liked by the public in those countries who have poor football infrastructure and their national team is at the bottom of International football ranking. With the advancement in technology people can watch matches live everywhere in the world. The initiation of premier leagues in different countries has boosted the investment in football and produced marvelous talent. Any type of sport in the world is a source of entertainment and has enormous social, economic and health benefits. The leagues of different sports are proving opportunity for the players to earn huge amount of money. It is scientifically proven that sport has positive impact on the human heart and brain (Rosario, 2021). It also enhances the respect for rule of law and players also learn leadership skills at an early age. Though in history sport has been used to promote nationalism in different countries in the modern age the usage of sports for nationalism, ethnicity and religion it is discouraged and unacceptable. Any sport forum having a mission of promoting hatred and biases in the society face severe criticism and often are banned to participate in the competitions. The International bodies of sports have strict policies against such forums. The selection of players from diverse backgrounds in national teams of different countries in different sports is a clear example how sports is unbiased and is based on the principal of equality across the globe. This provides even the poor and marginalized communities to participate in sports. Many world legends have a background from lower classes but gained fame and popularity due to sports in the world. This means sports apart from competition, healthy activity and entertainment is also a source of vanishing inequalities and biases in the society. Not only at the community level such offensive initiatives are discouraged but now the multinational companies and sponsors of sports also want the sports club to be non-controversial in this matter. This means there is an integrated approach form different segments of the society in eliminating biases, discrimination and hatred from the field of sports. One of the renowned clubs in United States is Washington Football club. The name of this club was Washington Redskins. This club was formed in 1932 but changed their club name in 2020. The terms and images used in sports referring to native Americans has been a matter of public controversy for a long time. The term redskin has been declared as disparaging, aggressive and taboo. Individuals from different backgrounds and sports associations groups such as National Congress of American Indians declared the name as a racial slur and have been demanding to change it. Supporter of this name responded with the claim that the use of name was intended respectfully. In this regard several polls were conducted which revealed that significant number of native Americans were not offended by the logo and name of the club. While to academic researchers these polls were scientifically questionable. Later on poll conducted by University of Michigan and University of California revealed that significant number of native Americans declared the name offensive and for those who have a stronger involvement in Native American culture the level of offense increased to 67 % (Recker, 2021). Thus it was proved that the logo and name was offensive and native Americans wanted to change these. Washington Redskins management took the matter seriously when its major sponsor, investment firms and shareholders had recommended to change the club’s name. It is important to mention here that the club was formed in 1932 but changed their name in 2020. This means in modern world of sports there is no space for hatred and offense. For such a long period of time though there have been many attempts to change the name and logo but in vain. But after the George Floyd incident it became inevitable for the club to change their name. The multinational companies and sponsor support for social movement had a significant impact on American football (GP et al., 2021). This has proved that an integrated approach from public, multinational companies and sponsors paved the way for changing the controversial logo and name of the club. It also supports our argument that in the modern day world sports is bridging the gap between nations and promoting peace and harmony. This should continue and is best for the global communities. Sports in future can bring nations closer and can be used as a tool for conflict resolution among different territories. It is now up to the global community to develop sports and change their approach towards it.

Introduction Over the years researchers have attributed alcohol to many diseases and injuries caused to human beings. Its excessive consumption has been declared life threating. In England the estimated number of drinkers are found to be 586000 among which only 18 % are receiving treatment similarly in Scotland in the year 2018/19 there were 3800 hospital admission due to alcohol related issues (Anon., n.d.). In 2018 in USA alone there were 14.4 million adults had Alcohol Use disorder while it has been estimated that annually 86000 people die due to alcohol related issues (Anon., 2020). The consequences of alcoholism on different types of people can different. Professions addicted to alcohol may underperform and get fired from work and sports person may get stamina problems. It has both social and economic consequences for individuals. The important segment to suffer from alcoholism is the students groups particularly in the colleges and universities. The effects of alcoholism on students can be long lasting having negative impacts. Researchers have also found that Problematic alcohol use among university student has been associated with lowly academic achievement, social phobia and peer pressure. More in depth studies are needed to gain insights about alcoholism among students. Keeping these alarming figures in view it is important to study the trends patterns and association of alcohol among the students particularly focusing University and College students. Any descriptive, correlational or causal study will reveal useful results on the basis of which policy makers and can design programs to address the issue. Significance of the study The study is being carried out among the university students and its results can be used to design and implement such programs which will curb rising level of alcohol addicts in different age brackets and will ultimately results in the better academic and health outcomes among the university and college students My research question In this project I will be looking at whether which age group in the University of Kent are more likely to drink alcohol. Thus my dependent variable is alcohol any, while my independent variable is age group. Possible mechanisms connecting my potential cause and my outcome The reason for me, choosing this research question is that as university students we are all expected to do the best and earn good grades. The range of the age group varies, ranging around age 19, 20, 21 and age 22 plus. To which the different style of living and work differs between each age group. As a university student myself, it can be expected and assumed that the first year (age 19) would have more freedom and little work,, thus allowing them to have get drunk and take in alcohol. While the masters and to some extent third year university students would drink less, since they are receiving more assessments and have increase projects. But this could also mean that the third year and master’s student could drink more alcohol since they have lots of stress and thus require some help to calm their nerves and relax from the stress of their work. My expectation is that the age group of age 19 are more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. Since they are mostly undergraduate students and that they are first year students that they do not have any assessments and work. Thus, they do not need to worry about any stress and could have fun in their first year in the university. Variables Dependent variable My dependent variable is drinking alcohol. To which this comes from the following question: ‘’ First, thinking about ALL kinds of alcoholic drink, have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind during the last 12 months?’’ - Yes (1) - Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 months (2) - Do not drink alcohol at all (3) - Don't wish to answer For this has been recorded and supplied to me and us in the data from a dummy variable for drinking any alcohol (Yes) | (Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 month) | (Do not drink alcohol at all) | (Don't wish to answer). But I am missing the data on alcohol consumption frequency from 1556 people out of 2223 respondents. The frequency of remaining responses has been shown in the analysis part: Main independent variable My main independent variable is agegroup. This comes from the University of Kent administrative system, and is based on the University of Kent’s Self Report Student’s age group consumption of alcohol in the year of 2017 in their time in the University. Analysis Part I: Age Group Frequency Percent 19 or younger 607 27.3 20 636 28.6 21 470 21.1 22+ 510 22.9 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the distribution of age groups in the sample. It shows that most of the respondents were in the age group of 20 (28.6%) followed by 27.3 % in the age group of 19 or younger. There are 22.9 percent in the age group of 22 or more and 21.1 % in the age category of 21. No age group has significantly high number of respondents and it is quite balanced to be comparative analysis. Alcohol any Frequency Percent No 91 4.1 Yes 576 25.9 Total 667 30.0 Missing -99 1556 70.0 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the results of responses to alcohol drinking and shows that comparatively the number of alcohol drinker is higher than the non- drinkers. The positive responses in alcohol drinking is 25.9 compare to 4.1 negative responses agegroup * alcohol_any Crosstabulation alcohol_any Total No Yes agegroup 19 or younger 11 27 38 20 29 214 243 21 22 176 198 22+ 29 159 188 Total 91 576 667 This table shows the results of cross tabulation between age group and any alcohol. This shows that mostly the age group of 20 drink alcohol and followed by age group of 22. The age group of 19 has also higher positive results 27 in comparison to only 11 negative responses. Analysis Part II: Is this pattern systematic? The simple linear regression cannot be run as the data we have is not scale data. We have a dependent variable having two categories (yes and no) while the independent variable has four age categories. Both of the dependent and independent variables are categorical therefore we will use multi nominal logistic regression to see the probability of alcohol usage among different age categories. We have run a multi nominal logistic regression inserting our dependent variable and independent variable to see whether the pattern is systematic or not. In this Multi nominal regression the category of “Yes” has been taken as base category and the results of the below tables it show that the overall model is significant at 0.4 level. While the intercept is significant at 0.000 level. Only the age group of 19 or younger is significant and has positive coefficient value. This means the age group of 19 or younger has lowest probability to not drink any type of alcohol. While all other age categories have negative coefficients but are insignificant. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 27.127 Final 18.857 8.270 3 .041 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 18.857a .000 0 . agegroup 27.127 8.270 3 .041 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. The likelihood ratio table shows that the age group is statistically significant at 0.041. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.702 .202 71.016 1 .000 [agegroup=19] .804 .411 3.828 1 .050 2.234 .999 4.996 [agegroup=20] -.297 .283 1.104 1 .293 .743 .427 1.293 [agegroup=21] -.378 .303 1.553 1 .213 .685 .378 1.242 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Rationale for these control variables Gender is one the important factors in determining whether a student a will drink alcohol or not (Ely, et al., 1999). While the students having more than seven friends are expected to participate in gatherings and parties and enjoy alcohol during these activities. Although we cannot find a support to our this claim in the literature but intuitively in the absence of any research claims we can include a control variable in the model to study its effect. Description of control variables The first control variable is gender which includes two categories i.e. male and female represented by 1 and 0 respectively While the second control variable is seven plus friends and it has two categories i.e. other number of friends and seven plus friends Regression model including control variables In this model we have included two control variables gender and 7 or more friends with dependent variable of anyalcohol and the independent variable of age group. The reference category is “yes”. The result of the regression shows that overall mode is significant at 0.005 level. While male has significant positive coefficient and seven or more friend has negative significant coefficient. The age category of 19 or younger has significant and positive coefficient. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 72.586 Final 55.771 16.815 5 .005 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 55.771a .000 0 . male 59.421 3.650 1 .056 friends_7plus 61.161 5.389 1 .020 agegroup 65.075 9.303 3 .026 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.930 .262 54.066 1 .000 male .458 .240 3.631 1 .057 1.581 .987 2.533 friends_7plus -.634 .285 4.969 1 .026 .530 .304 .926 [agegroup=19] 1.181 .432 7.463 1 .006 3.259 1.396 7.605 [agegroup=20] -.106 .302 .124 1 .725 .899 .498 1.624 [agegroup=21] -.145 .320 .204 1 .652 .865 .462 1.621 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Limitations & conclusion In this project, I hypothesis that the 19 years old were more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. I expected that this is from the case of a report published in Harvard health publishing where it is stated that with growing age people rarely consume alcohol (Anon., n.d.). The second assumption was that 19 or younger is the age bracket where students like to hang out and enjoy in the initial years of University with little pressure of courses and consume alcohol comparatively more than the other age categories. Contrary to our claim the age category of 19 or younger have low probability of drinking alcohol while in other age categories the probability is high. After the inclusion of control variables we come to know that with the increased number of friends the probability of drinking increases. This means students who are part of various clubs, forums and in any kind of groups related to amusements are prone to suffer from alcoholism. This is mainly because the groups include addicts and the non addicts gradually start drinking alcohol in the company. However many control variables were not included which might have effects on the dependent variable and this study needs to be conducted with collection and inclusion of more control variables in the future. The inclusion of variables related to demographics, psychological aspects and income variables may reveal strong results. Bibliography Anon., 2020. National Institute on Alchohol Abuse and Alcoholism. [Online] Available at: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. AlcoholchangeUK. [Online] Available at: https://alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. Harvard Health Publishing. [Online] Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/alcohol-and-age-a-risky-combination [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Ely, M., Hardy, R., Longford, N. T. & Wadsworth, M. E., 1999. Gender differences between in the relationship between alcohol consumption and drink problems are largely accounted for by body water. Alcohol and Alcoholism, pp. 894-902.

Introduction Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (World Health Organization, 2020). Mental health is an important part of overall health and is just as important as physical health. Mental health disorders can have a major effect on an individual’s life, and can often lead to physical health issues as well. This blog will discuss the importance of mental health, and provide resources to help individuals understand and manage their mental health. What is Mental Health? Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral well-being (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is characterized by how an individual feels, thinks, and behaves. It is impacted by biological, psychological, and social factors, including genetics, family history, trauma, life experiences, and social support. Mental health issues can range from mild to severe, and can affect an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Signs and Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders Mental health disorders can have a wide range of signs and symptoms, which vary depending on the disorder. Common signs and symptoms of mental health disorders include: • Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness • Feeling constantly anxious or worried • Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much • Changes in appetite or weight • Trouble focusing or concentrating • Memory problems • Substance abuse • Excessive use of alcohol • Engaging in risky behaviors • Withdrawing from family and friends • Feeling overwhelmed • Feeling irritable or agitated • Suicidal thoughts If you are experiencing any of these signs and symptoms, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional. Types of Mental Health Disorders There are many different types of mental health disorders, including: • Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry and fear. Examples of anxiety disorders include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. • Mood Disorders: These disorders are characterized by extreme changes in mood that can interfere with everyday life. Examples of mood disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. • Eating Disorders: Eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and thoughts about food. Examples of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. • Psychotic Disorders: Psychotic disorders are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other symptoms of psychosis. Examples of psychotic disorders include schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. • Personality Disorders: Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking and behavior. Examples of personality disorders include borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. • Substance Use Disorders: Substance use disorders are characterized by an inability to control one’s use of alcohol or drugs. Examples of substance use disorders include alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. Importance of Mental Health Mental health is essential for overall wellbeing and quality of life. Mental health plays an important role in how individuals think, feel, and behave. It affects the way individuals interact with the world around them, and can have a major impact on an individual’s physical health. Mental health issues can lead to physical health issues, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is also important for personal relationships. Mental health issues can make it difficult to maintain relationships, and can lead to social isolation and loneliness. Additionally, mental health issues can make it difficult to manage everyday tasks, such as school and work, and can lead to financial problems (American Psychological Association, 2018). Managing Mental Health There are several strategies that individuals can use to manage their mental health. These include: • Developing healthy coping skills: Developing healthy coping skills can help individuals manage stress and difficult emotions. Examples of healthy coping skills include mindfulness, deep breathing, exercise, and talking to a friend or mental health professional. • Building a support system: Having a strong social support system can be beneficial for mental health. It is important to build relationships with individuals who are supportive and understanding. • Getting regular exercise: Exercise can help individuals manage stress and improve mood. It is important to find an activity that is enjoyable and that can be done regularly. • Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet can provide the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly. It is important to eat a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. • Practicing self-care: Self-care is important for mental health. Examples of self-care activities include taking a relaxing bath, getting enough sleep, and spending time doing something enjoyable. Mental health and professional Life Mental health is an integral part of professional life, and its importance cannot be overstated. It affects the well-being and productivity of employees, and it is essential that employers recognize and address any mental health issues in their workforce. Mental health issues can have a major impact on an individual's ability to perform at work, and can lead to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and increased stress levels. Employers must take steps to ensure that the workplace is a supportive environment for all employees. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, and implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance. Additionally, employers should provide resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues, such as access to mental health professionals and programs. Mental health issues can manifest in different ways in the workplace, including stress and burnout, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Stress and burnout can occur when an employee feels overwhelmed by their workload, and is unable to cope with the demands of their job. Symptoms of stress and burnout can include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and a lack of motivation. It is important for employers to recognize these signs and provide employees with the necessary support to help them manage their stress levels. Depression is another common mental health issue that can affect professional life. Symptoms of depression can include persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. It is important to provide employees with the resources and support they need to manage their depression, and to ensure that they seek professional help if necessary. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue that can have a significant impact on one’s ability to perform at work. Symptoms of anxiety can include difficulty concentrating, restlessness, irritability, and difficulty making decisions. Employers should be aware of these signs and provide employees with the necessary resources and support to manage their anxiety. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that can adversely affect an individual’s ability to perform at work. Substance abuse can lead to difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships. It is important for employers to recognize any signs of substance abuse and provide employees with the resources and support they need to address the problem. It is essential that employers create a supportive workplace environment that promotes mental health and well-being. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance, and providing resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues. By taking steps to address mental health issues, employers can create a workplace that is supportive and conducive to productivity. Mental Health in social life Social life plays a critical role in mental health, as it is an important source of support and connection. Social connections provide individuals with a sense of belonging, purpose, and meaning. The quality of relationships between individuals is often a reflection of the quality of their mental health, as social connections can both positively and negatively affect mental health. Social support from family, friends, and the community helps to provide an environment of acceptance and understanding. It can also provide individuals with the resources they need to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns. Social support can also be highly beneficial in helping individuals to recognize and address their mental health needs. Social media has had a significant impact on social life and mental health. Social media can be a helpful tool for connecting with others and promoting positive mental health, but it can also have a negative impact. Social media can foster feelings of comparison and social isolation, leading to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Social media can also be a source of cyberbullying, which can cause severe emotional distress and have long-term consequences for individuals’ mental health. Therefore, it is important to be mindful when using social media, and to be aware of the potential risks. In addition to social media, the physical environment can also influence mental health. Unsafe neighbourhoods, overcrowding, and pollution can all contribute to mental health issues. Poor living conditions can also lead to feelings of helplessness, isolation, and stress, which can further worsen mental health. The workplace is also an important factor in mental health. The workplace is a source of stress, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. Unfair treatment, discrimination, and harassment can all have serious negative impacts on mental health. It is important to ensure that workplaces are safe, inclusive, and respectful, and that they promote positive mental health. Overall, mental health is essential to consider in the context of social life. Social connections can provide important support and resources, while social media and physical environments can have a significant impact on mental health. The workplace is an important factor in mental health, and it is important to ensure that it is a safe, inclusive, and respectful environment. It is essential to take steps to promote positive mental health, and to support individuals in recognizing and addressing their mental health needs. Mental health in sports Mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It affects athletes, coaches, and staff in all levels of sport. Mental health is often overlooked and under-discussed, yet has a significant impact on performance and well-being. This paper will discuss the prevalence of mental health issues in sports, the various forms they can take, the factors that contribute to them, and the strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. Mental health issues in sports are very common and can have a major impact on athletes’ performance, physical health, and overall well-being. According to the World Health Organization, one in four people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime. This statistic is even higher in the sports world, with research showing that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. These issues can have a direct effect on athletes’ performance and physical health, as well as their mental and emotional well-being. Mental health issues in sports can take many forms, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, and even suicide. Depression is one of the most common forms of mental health issues in sports. It is estimated that up to 21 percent of athletes suffer from depression. Symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety is another common mental health issue in sports. It is estimated that up to 20 percent of athletes suffer from anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety include excessive worry and fear, difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, difficulty sleeping, and physical symptoms such as headaches and nausea. Eating disorders are also common in the sports world, with up to 28 percent of athletes suffering from an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. Symptoms of eating disorders include extreme changes in eating habits, excessive exercise, and changes in weight. Substance abuse is also a major problem in the sports world, with up to 15 percent of athletes suffering from substance abuse issues. Symptoms of substance abuse include changes in behavior, difficulty concentrating, and physical symptoms such as nausea and headaches. Finally, suicide is a major issue in the sports world, with up to 8 percent of athletes attempting suicide. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports. These can include physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. Physical stress is one of the most common factors contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the physical demands of the sport, the demands of training, and the demands of competition. Emotional stress is also a major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform, the fear of failure, and the fear of not meeting expectations. Injury is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include physical injuries as well as the emotional and psychological impact of injury. Lack of support is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include lack of support from teammates, coaches, and family. Finally, pressure to perform is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform well, the pressure to win, and the pressure to succeed. There are many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. These can include increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. Increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues is an important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include educating athletes, coaches, and staff on the signs and symptoms of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and encouraging open dialogue about mental health issues. Providing access to mental health resources is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include providing access to mental health professionals, providing support groups, and providing access to mental health services. Finally, implementing policies and procedures to support athletes is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include implementing policies and procedures to address mental health issues, providing training and resources to coaches and staff, and creating an environment of support and understanding. In conclusion, mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It is estimated that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports, including physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. There are also many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world, including increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. By implementing these strategies, the sports world can create an environment of support and understanding, and promote better mental health for all involved. mental health of pregnant and lactating mothers Mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health disorders can have a negative impact on the life of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Women who experience mental health issues during pregnancy and lactation are more likely to experience complications, engage in unhealthy behaviours, and require additional medical care. It is therefore important that mental health issues are identified and addressed as early as possible, to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. When a woman becomes pregnant, her body undergoes significant physical, psychological and emotional changes. These changes can be overwhelming, and can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, depression, and other mental health issues. Pregnant women may also experience hormonal changes, which can affect their mood and behaviour. Women who are pregnant are at an increased risk of developing mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, and it is important that these issues are identified and addressed as early as possible. Lactation is the process of producing milk for an infant, and is a natural process that occurs after childbirth. Lactation is essential for any mother who wishes to breastfeed her child, and can also be beneficial for both mother and child in terms of bonding and health. However, lactation can also be a source of stress and anxiety for some mothers, especially those who are new to the process. Lactation can also lead to feelings of exhaustion, which can have a negative impact on a woman’s mental health. It is therefore important that lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues can have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Depression and anxiety can lead to increased levels of stress, which can affect a woman’s physical and mental health. Women who are experiencing depression or anxiety during pregnancy or lactation may be less likely to seek medical attention, or to follow a healthy lifestyle, which can put both mother and baby at risk. Women who are experiencing mental health issues during pregnancy or lactation may also be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and using recreational drugs, which can have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed. Pregnant and lactating women should make an effort to eat a balanced diet, get plenty of rest and exercise, and stay connected to family and friends. Women should also take time to relax and take part in activities that they enjoy, as this can help to reduce stress and anxiety. Women should also seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties, as this can help to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. In conclusion, mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is therefore important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues among politicians Mental health issues have always been a cause of concern for individuals, regardless of their profession or social standing. This is particularly true for politicians, who are often under immense pressure to perform and are constantly in the public eye. This can lead to a range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicidal ideation. However, due to the stigma associated with mental health, politicians are often reluctant to seek help, which can have severe consequences. In this paper, we will discuss the mental health issues that politicians face, the factors that contribute to them, and the importance of seeking professional help. Depression is one of the most common mental health issues among politicians. This is often due to the intense pressure that politicians are under to perform their duties and to maintain public approval. As a result, they may feel overwhelmed, isolated, and exhausted. Furthermore, the constant scrutiny and criticism from the public and the media can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue among politicians. This is often due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the political environment. Politicians may feel overwhelmed by the potential consequences of their decisions, as well as the potential for failure. Furthermore, their anxiety may be exacerbated by the fear of public criticism, or of not being able to meet the expectations of their constituents. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that politicians face. This is often due to the stress and anxiety associated with their positions, as well as the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere. As a result, they may turn to drugs and alcohol in an effort to cope with their feelings of stress and anxiety. Furthermore, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Suicidal ideation is another mental health issue associated with politics. This is often due to the intense pressure and criticism that politicians face, as well as feelings of isolation and exhaustion. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Furthermore, the public scrutiny and criticism can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, which can lead to suicidal thoughts. There are several factors that can contribute to mental health issues among politicians. These include the intense pressure and scrutiny that they face, the unpredictability of the political environment, the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere, and the potential consequences of their decisions. Additionally, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Furthermore, the lack of time for rest and relaxation can exacerbate existing mental health issues. It is important for politicians to seek professional help in order to address their mental health issues. Mental health professionals can provide the necessary support and guidance to help politicians manage their symptoms and cope with the stress and anxiety associated with their positions. Additionally, professional help can provide a safe and supportive environment for politicians to discuss their feelings and to develop strategies for managing their mental health. Furthermore, professional help can offer the opportunity to explore underlying issues and to make meaningful changes in their lives.

“Practice Makes a man perfect” Luis Enrique Spain Football Team Manager had advised the team players to practice 1000 penalties before the FIFA World Cup 2022 being aware of the importance of penalty kicks. The players either had not practiced or their practiced went in vain as they were defeated by Morocco in penalty shoot outs in the FIFA World Cup 2022. The ball possession of Spain was significantly higher than Morocco, but Spain team was unable to make lethal moves to score a goal. While on the other hand a couple of good moves were missed by the striker of Morocco. Spain didn’t play attacking game and with such ball possession they should have scored at least two goals. On the other hand, Morocco team was quite defensive but whenever get an opportunity made good moves but the strikers could not finish those moves. In the FIFA World Cup 2022, Spain vs Morocco has given the other teams some good lessons. The teams at knockout stages should play an attacking game rather than focusing on ball possession. If you have 70% of the ball possession and you do not score a goal it is a failure. Though Morocco won the match but they didn’t show the class which they have in the group stage matches. They were very much in the back foot and will need to change their game approach against Portugal in the quarter finals. Morocco at FIFA World Cup 2022 have surprised the football fans in group stage matches and before the Spain vs Morocco match many analysts had predicted a crunch encounter. In the upcoming match against Portugal Morocco cannot be declared as underdogs and they have the ability to outclass Portugal as well with a slight change of their approach by playing an attacking game.

Introduction Dog history is as old as man. The man's primary life was nomadic. Thus its food depends on sheep and goat rearing to fulfill its food need and the dog was much supportive in safeguarding its stock. Although there is a religious issue in keeping dogs because of their impurity and fear of disease reality is that the man kept the dog for fun, haunting, protection, and management of the herd. The importance of a dog had been in the man's life and its importance will not lessen. Without dog hunting expeditions are distasteful and managing a large herd of goats and sheep is deception. A dog is a stern guard against predators and robs. The man remains never hostile to the dog despite its impurity and fear of disease. The adopting of dog without any social status (Rich & Poor) adopting of dog is continued for centuries. Significance of Keeping Dog Keeping a pet at home is a tradition since time immemorial. A dog is the most familiar and common pet. It is commonly understood that pet has positive effects on your health. But dogs have the additional benefit of requiring be walking and playing with numerous times a day. A dog has been proved to be a good companion while exercising reducing the risk of heart diseases. It also admitted fact that pet owners particular Dog player vital role in reducing suffering from depression. Taking care of a dog requires frequent activity during the day which keeps you vibrant all the time. Types of Dog Dog lovers, adopters, and experts believe that there are more than 200 types of dogs presently in the world. However, among them, 10 breeds are prominent and most popular. The details are jotted down for the interest of the reader and to identify the breed adopted by the reader. Labrador Retriever Dog lovers are much interested in this average size breed because of its trusting nature, family-friendly and immense brainpower. Much popular in army and hunters because of their high sense ability to search and detecting capability. On an average adult, Labrador sleeps for ten hours. The sleeping hours may increase for Labrador due to hot weather, boredom, illness, and diet. German Shepherd Large in size as compare to Labrador. Despite a threatening look, this kind of breed is almost tender and hard working. German shepherd normally sleeps for twelve hours and maximum up to fourteen hours depending upon its lifestyle. An active German shepherd sleeps for less hour as it has a duty of protection. The sleeping hours of puppies and older German shepherd are comparatively longer. If the sleeping hours of the German shepherd exceeds 16 hours than one should be worried and this may be due to illness. Golden Retriever Very much similar to Labrador retriever. Golden Retriever is well-known for its friendly nature, brilliance and skills as a working dog. Often used for guiding purposes. The average sleeping time of Golden Retrievers is from ten to twelve hours. To manage the sleep of Golden Retriever a place should be established and ensure your dog sleep at night time. Beagle Small, cute, and without anger particularly this bred is used for hunting purposes. Popular to sniff-out prey from large distances. Beagle on average sleep for ten to twelve hours a day. Several factors impact the sleeping time of a Beagle which are: age of the Beagle, level of activity, and its size. Bulldog This breed is normally obedient, cool, and submissive. Bulldogs are best for those adopters who possess small homes and yards. Bulldog spend half of the time in sleeping and remains active for little time (20%). If the Bulldog sleeps for the whole day and becomes anxious then it is a matter of concern. Yorkshire terrier Small, gorgeous, and easy to train. It has long sleep hours ranging from 13 to 18 hours. For a sound sleep a comfortable bed, ensure it sleeps at night time, make it tired and must have a potty break before going to sleep. Boxer Recognized as loyal and a playful shielding manner. Boxers on average also sleep for 12 to 14 hours. Poodle The poodle is a Tiny and Toy size breed. An adult Poodle sleeps for 12 hours. The poodles should have a relaxed environment and a comfortable bed to have normal sleep. Rottweiler Adopted by herder to protect livestock. This breed is considered as a guard dog. It also sleeps for 12 hours and the major factors affecting its sleep are diet, weather, boredom, and illness. Dachshunds Dachshunds breed is hunting dogs and comparatively, it sleeps more due to its instinct and other factors such as boredom, health, and daily activity. Proper Dog Caring The essential parts of keeping and caring for your adopted dog are comprised of proper food, water and friendly shelter besides physical caring. In addition to averting any disease proper caring preventive and curative measures are also inevitable. Regular bathing, cleaning, and dental cleaning will help to avoid getting sick of the dog. Also, keep close eyes on the early streak of Illness, try to teach obedience, and show cordiality. Almost all dogs are interested in water and eager to swim so purchase him a baby pool. Similarly sparing time to play with a dog is another technique to keep the dog healthy. With regards to curative measure regular visit to your Vet and consultation concerning proper medication on monthly basis is also an essential part of proper dog caring to protect the dog from internal and external parasites. Knowledge of the best monthly parasite preventive medication enhances the beauty and physical appearance nice of an adopted dog besides keep him healthy and happy. Furthermore, the significance of vaccines cannot be denied to protect the dog from the most common and grave diseases. The most important vaccine is anti-rabies. Nevertheless, expert warns avoid vaccination to aged dog over twelve years to protect their immune system. Timely availability and Provision of these things in combination with strict adherence to preventative measures to the dog are much instrumental to keep him healthy, harmless, and determine a long and happy life. Much Sleeping Dog As far as much sleepy dog is concerned, research and expert opinion show that many hours sleeping of dog is normal so no one is required to fret. National Sleep Foundation revealed that the average sleep hour of a dog is around 12 to 14 hours According to the National Sleep Foundation, the average dog sleeps between 12 and 14 hours per 24-hour rotation while on the other side Puppies will sleep 18 to 20 hours. Causes of Much Sleep The sleeping pattern can be changed owing to several diseases and age-related issues thus hours and hours of nodding and snoozing is an indicator of an issue and problems with the dogs and need a proper checkup. After a thorough investigation, the veterinary doctor identified several common causes of much sleeping issue among all types of dogs. Among them, prominent causes are illustrated below: 1. Internal, External Warm and parasite/ sucking of blood 2. Anemia (deficiency of red blood cell in hemoglobin) 3. Nutritional deficiency 4. Stress and Separation of anxiety 5. Weighty and sick dogs also sleep more than healthy dogs. 6. Certain breeds are prone towards sleeping more like lazy Bernese Mountain Dog 7. An increase or decrease in eating, urination, or excretion. 8. Behavior problems are a cause of much asleep which is misunderstood 9. Digestive problems and corpulence 10. The increase in sleep also comes with other behavior problems, like : 11. Gazing at crooks or barriers. 12. Fear and aggression are also the main reason for excessive sleep. 13. Walking, slobbering, and other symbols of nervousness It is further maintained that like human beings, it has recently been realized that the dogs can also suffer from hypertension and high blood pressure eventually suffer the sleeping pattern of your adopted dog. Avoiding salt in food and blood pressure-lowering medication can be helpful to treat the dog to intact its natural sleeping pattern. Last but not least, heart diseases are very common in dogs nowadays. Respiratory disorder and swollen bellies are clear symptoms of heart diseases and the major cause of much sleep in a dog. Suggestion / Recommendation Apart from the above causes and issues may by your sleepy dogs indisposed owing to suffering from hypothyroidism, back pain, diabetes, anxiety, or any other serious ailments. Before visiting to your vet and spend a huge sum on testing, determine that your dog is getting much water as dehydration will get more tired. Similarly changing diet and sufficient nutritional food will also much supportive to overcome the issues with your dog. Obedience training will also help you to prevent or better control of these issues. Moreover, endeavor to keep a record of your dog's sleep patterns and other indications. Ensure your dog is a healthy weight and that she has a lot to do during day time. Despite all the efforts the dog is still spent a massive hour then it is vital to time for you to see the vet. Consult in detail and do the recommended test, which is the only way to reach to the real conclusion about your newly adopted dog concerning his much sleep.

Introduction

Sports is such a field which is meant for providing entertainment, healthy environment and promote peace and harmony in different societies and across the globe. Football is undoubtedly the most popular sport in the world. It is even liked by the public in those countries who have poor football infrastructure and their national team is at the bottom of International football ranking. With the advancement in technology people can watch matches live everywhere in the world. The initiation of premier leagues in different countries has boosted the investment in football and produced marvelous talent. Any type of sport in the world is a source of entertainment and has enormous social, economic and health benefits. The leagues of different sports are proving opportunity for the players to earn huge amount of money. It is scientifically proven that sport has positive impact on the human heart and brain (Rosario, 2021). It also enhances the respect for rule of law and players also learn leadership skills at an early age. Though in history sport has been used to promote nationalism in different countries in the modern age the usage of sports for nationalism, ethnicity and religion it is discouraged and unacceptable. Any sport forum having a mission of promoting hatred and biases in the society face severe criticism and often are banned to participate in the competitions. The International bodies of sports have strict policies against such forums. The selection of players from diverse backgrounds in national teams of different countries in different sports is a clear example how sports is unbiased and is based on the principal of equality across the globe. This provides even the poor and marginalized communities to participate in sports. Many world legends have a background from lower classes but gained fame and popularity due to sports in the world. This means sports apart from competition, healthy activity and entertainment is also a source of vanishing inequalities and biases in the society. Not only at the community level such offensive initiatives are discouraged but now the multinational companies and sponsors of sports also want the sports club to be non-controversial in this matter. This means there is an integrated approach form different segments of the society in eliminating biases, discrimination and hatred from the field of sports. One of the renowned clubs in United States is Washington Football club. The name of this club was Washington Redskins. This club was formed in 1932 but changed their club name in 2020. The terms and images used in sports referring to native Americans has been a matter of public controversy for a long time. The term redskin has been declared as disparaging, aggressive and taboo. Individuals from different backgrounds and sports associations groups such as National Congress of American Indians declared the name as a racial slur and have been demanding to change it. Supporter of this name responded with the claim that the use of name was intended respectfully. In this regard several polls were conducted which revealed that significant number of native Americans were not offended by the logo and name of the club. While to academic researchers these polls were scientifically questionable. Later on poll conducted by University of Michigan and University of California revealed that significant number of native Americans declared the name offensive and for those who have a stronger involvement in Native American culture the level of offense increased to 67 % (Recker, 2021). Thus it was proved that the logo and name was offensive and native Americans wanted to change these. Washington Redskins management took the matter seriously when its major sponsor, investment firms and shareholders had recommended to change the club’s name. It is important to mention here that the club was formed in 1932 but changed their name in 2020. This means in modern world of sports there is no space for hatred and offense. For such a long period of time though there have been many attempts to change the name and logo but in vain. But after the George Floyd incident it became inevitable for the club to change their name. The multinational companies and sponsor support for social movement had a significant impact on American football (GP et al., 2021). This has proved that an integrated approach from public, multinational companies and sponsors paved the way for changing the controversial logo and name of the club. It also supports our argument that in the modern day world sports is bridging the gap between nations and promoting peace and harmony. This should continue and is best for the global communities. Sports in future can bring nations closer and can be used as a tool for conflict resolution among different territories. It is now up to the global community to develop sports and change their approach towards it.

Introduction Over the years researchers have attributed alcohol to many diseases and injuries caused to human beings. Its excessive consumption has been declared life threating. In England the estimated number of drinkers are found to be 586000 among which only 18 % are receiving treatment similarly in Scotland in the year 2018/19 there were 3800 hospital admission due to alcohol related issues (Anon., n.d.). In 2018 in USA alone there were 14.4 million adults had Alcohol Use disorder while it has been estimated that annually 86000 people die due to alcohol related issues (Anon., 2020). The consequences of alcoholism on different types of people can different. Professions addicted to alcohol may underperform and get fired from work and sports person may get stamina problems. It has both social and economic consequences for individuals. The important segment to suffer from alcoholism is the students groups particularly in the colleges and universities. The effects of alcoholism on students can be long lasting having negative impacts. Researchers have also found that Problematic alcohol use among university student has been associated with lowly academic achievement, social phobia and peer pressure. More in depth studies are needed to gain insights about alcoholism among students. Keeping these alarming figures in view it is important to study the trends patterns and association of alcohol among the students particularly focusing University and College students. Any descriptive, correlational or causal study will reveal useful results on the basis of which policy makers and can design programs to address the issue. Significance of the study The study is being carried out among the university students and its results can be used to design and implement such programs which will curb rising level of alcohol addicts in different age brackets and will ultimately results in the better academic and health outcomes among the university and college students My research question In this project I will be looking at whether which age group in the University of Kent are more likely to drink alcohol. Thus my dependent variable is alcohol any, while my independent variable is age group. Possible mechanisms connecting my potential cause and my outcome The reason for me, choosing this research question is that as university students we are all expected to do the best and earn good grades. The range of the age group varies, ranging around age 19, 20, 21 and age 22 plus. To which the different style of living and work differs between each age group. As a university student myself, it can be expected and assumed that the first year (age 19) would have more freedom and little work,, thus allowing them to have get drunk and take in alcohol. While the masters and to some extent third year university students would drink less, since they are receiving more assessments and have increase projects. But this could also mean that the third year and master’s student could drink more alcohol since they have lots of stress and thus require some help to calm their nerves and relax from the stress of their work. My expectation is that the age group of age 19 are more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. Since they are mostly undergraduate students and that they are first year students that they do not have any assessments and work. Thus, they do not need to worry about any stress and could have fun in their first year in the university. Variables Dependent variable My dependent variable is drinking alcohol. To which this comes from the following question: ‘’ First, thinking about ALL kinds of alcoholic drink, have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind during the last 12 months?’’ - Yes (1) - Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 months (2) - Do not drink alcohol at all (3) - Don't wish to answer For this has been recorded and supplied to me and us in the data from a dummy variable for drinking any alcohol (Yes) | (Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 month) | (Do not drink alcohol at all) | (Don't wish to answer). But I am missing the data on alcohol consumption frequency from 1556 people out of 2223 respondents. The frequency of remaining responses has been shown in the analysis part: Main independent variable My main independent variable is agegroup. This comes from the University of Kent administrative system, and is based on the University of Kent’s Self Report Student’s age group consumption of alcohol in the year of 2017 in their time in the University. Analysis Part I: Age Group Frequency Percent 19 or younger 607 27.3 20 636 28.6 21 470 21.1 22+ 510 22.9 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the distribution of age groups in the sample. It shows that most of the respondents were in the age group of 20 (28.6%) followed by 27.3 % in the age group of 19 or younger. There are 22.9 percent in the age group of 22 or more and 21.1 % in the age category of 21. No age group has significantly high number of respondents and it is quite balanced to be comparative analysis. Alcohol any Frequency Percent No 91 4.1 Yes 576 25.9 Total 667 30.0 Missing -99 1556 70.0 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the results of responses to alcohol drinking and shows that comparatively the number of alcohol drinker is higher than the non- drinkers. The positive responses in alcohol drinking is 25.9 compare to 4.1 negative responses agegroup * alcohol_any Crosstabulation alcohol_any Total No Yes agegroup 19 or younger 11 27 38 20 29 214 243 21 22 176 198 22+ 29 159 188 Total 91 576 667 This table shows the results of cross tabulation between age group and any alcohol. This shows that mostly the age group of 20 drink alcohol and followed by age group of 22. The age group of 19 has also higher positive results 27 in comparison to only 11 negative responses. Analysis Part II: Is this pattern systematic? The simple linear regression cannot be run as the data we have is not scale data. We have a dependent variable having two categories (yes and no) while the independent variable has four age categories. Both of the dependent and independent variables are categorical therefore we will use multi nominal logistic regression to see the probability of alcohol usage among different age categories. We have run a multi nominal logistic regression inserting our dependent variable and independent variable to see whether the pattern is systematic or not. In this Multi nominal regression the category of “Yes” has been taken as base category and the results of the below tables it show that the overall model is significant at 0.4 level. While the intercept is significant at 0.000 level. Only the age group of 19 or younger is significant and has positive coefficient value. This means the age group of 19 or younger has lowest probability to not drink any type of alcohol. While all other age categories have negative coefficients but are insignificant. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 27.127 Final 18.857 8.270 3 .041 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 18.857a .000 0 . agegroup 27.127 8.270 3 .041 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. The likelihood ratio table shows that the age group is statistically significant at 0.041. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.702 .202 71.016 1 .000 [agegroup=19] .804 .411 3.828 1 .050 2.234 .999 4.996 [agegroup=20] -.297 .283 1.104 1 .293 .743 .427 1.293 [agegroup=21] -.378 .303 1.553 1 .213 .685 .378 1.242 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Rationale for these control variables Gender is one the important factors in determining whether a student a will drink alcohol or not (Ely, et al., 1999). While the students having more than seven friends are expected to participate in gatherings and parties and enjoy alcohol during these activities. Although we cannot find a support to our this claim in the literature but intuitively in the absence of any research claims we can include a control variable in the model to study its effect. Description of control variables The first control variable is gender which includes two categories i.e. male and female represented by 1 and 0 respectively While the second control variable is seven plus friends and it has two categories i.e. other number of friends and seven plus friends Regression model including control variables In this model we have included two control variables gender and 7 or more friends with dependent variable of anyalcohol and the independent variable of age group. The reference category is “yes”. The result of the regression shows that overall mode is significant at 0.005 level. While male has significant positive coefficient and seven or more friend has negative significant coefficient. The age category of 19 or younger has significant and positive coefficient. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 72.586 Final 55.771 16.815 5 .005 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 55.771a .000 0 . male 59.421 3.650 1 .056 friends_7plus 61.161 5.389 1 .020 agegroup 65.075 9.303 3 .026 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.930 .262 54.066 1 .000 male .458 .240 3.631 1 .057 1.581 .987 2.533 friends_7plus -.634 .285 4.969 1 .026 .530 .304 .926 [agegroup=19] 1.181 .432 7.463 1 .006 3.259 1.396 7.605 [agegroup=20] -.106 .302 .124 1 .725 .899 .498 1.624 [agegroup=21] -.145 .320 .204 1 .652 .865 .462 1.621 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Limitations & conclusion In this project, I hypothesis that the 19 years old were more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. I expected that this is from the case of a report published in Harvard health publishing where it is stated that with growing age people rarely consume alcohol (Anon., n.d.). The second assumption was that 19 or younger is the age bracket where students like to hang out and enjoy in the initial years of University with little pressure of courses and consume alcohol comparatively more than the other age categories. Contrary to our claim the age category of 19 or younger have low probability of drinking alcohol while in other age categories the probability is high. After the inclusion of control variables we come to know that with the increased number of friends the probability of drinking increases. This means students who are part of various clubs, forums and in any kind of groups related to amusements are prone to suffer from alcoholism. This is mainly because the groups include addicts and the non addicts gradually start drinking alcohol in the company. However many control variables were not included which might have effects on the dependent variable and this study needs to be conducted with collection and inclusion of more control variables in the future. The inclusion of variables related to demographics, psychological aspects and income variables may reveal strong results. Bibliography Anon., 2020. National Institute on Alchohol Abuse and Alcoholism. [Online] Available at: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. AlcoholchangeUK. [Online] Available at: https://alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. Harvard Health Publishing. [Online] Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/alcohol-and-age-a-risky-combination [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Ely, M., Hardy, R., Longford, N. T. & Wadsworth, M. E., 1999. Gender differences between in the relationship between alcohol consumption and drink problems are largely accounted for by body water. Alcohol and Alcoholism, pp. 894-902.

Introduction Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (World Health Organization, 2020). Mental health is an important part of overall health and is just as important as physical health. Mental health disorders can have a major effect on an individual’s life, and can often lead to physical health issues as well. This blog will discuss the importance of mental health, and provide resources to help individuals understand and manage their mental health. What is Mental Health? Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and behavioral well-being (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is characterized by how an individual feels, thinks, and behaves. It is impacted by biological, psychological, and social factors, including genetics, family history, trauma, life experiences, and social support. Mental health issues can range from mild to severe, and can affect an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Signs and Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders Mental health disorders can have a wide range of signs and symptoms, which vary depending on the disorder. Common signs and symptoms of mental health disorders include: • Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness • Feeling constantly anxious or worried • Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much • Changes in appetite or weight • Trouble focusing or concentrating • Memory problems • Substance abuse • Excessive use of alcohol • Engaging in risky behaviors • Withdrawing from family and friends • Feeling overwhelmed • Feeling irritable or agitated • Suicidal thoughts If you are experiencing any of these signs and symptoms, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional. Types of Mental Health Disorders There are many different types of mental health disorders, including: • Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry and fear. Examples of anxiety disorders include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. • Mood Disorders: These disorders are characterized by extreme changes in mood that can interfere with everyday life. Examples of mood disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. • Eating Disorders: Eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and thoughts about food. Examples of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. • Psychotic Disorders: Psychotic disorders are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other symptoms of psychosis. Examples of psychotic disorders include schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. • Personality Disorders: Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking and behavior. Examples of personality disorders include borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. • Substance Use Disorders: Substance use disorders are characterized by an inability to control one’s use of alcohol or drugs. Examples of substance use disorders include alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. Importance of Mental Health Mental health is essential for overall wellbeing and quality of life. Mental health plays an important role in how individuals think, feel, and behave. It affects the way individuals interact with the world around them, and can have a major impact on an individual’s physical health. Mental health issues can lead to physical health issues, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity (American Psychological Association, 2018). Mental health is also important for personal relationships. Mental health issues can make it difficult to maintain relationships, and can lead to social isolation and loneliness. Additionally, mental health issues can make it difficult to manage everyday tasks, such as school and work, and can lead to financial problems (American Psychological Association, 2018). Managing Mental Health There are several strategies that individuals can use to manage their mental health. These include: • Developing healthy coping skills: Developing healthy coping skills can help individuals manage stress and difficult emotions. Examples of healthy coping skills include mindfulness, deep breathing, exercise, and talking to a friend or mental health professional. • Building a support system: Having a strong social support system can be beneficial for mental health. It is important to build relationships with individuals who are supportive and understanding. • Getting regular exercise: Exercise can help individuals manage stress and improve mood. It is important to find an activity that is enjoyable and that can be done regularly. • Eating a healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet can provide the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly. It is important to eat a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. • Practicing self-care: Self-care is important for mental health. Examples of self-care activities include taking a relaxing bath, getting enough sleep, and spending time doing something enjoyable. Mental health and professional Life Mental health is an integral part of professional life, and its importance cannot be overstated. It affects the well-being and productivity of employees, and it is essential that employers recognize and address any mental health issues in their workforce. Mental health issues can have a major impact on an individual's ability to perform at work, and can lead to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and increased stress levels. Employers must take steps to ensure that the workplace is a supportive environment for all employees. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, and implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance. Additionally, employers should provide resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues, such as access to mental health professionals and programs. Mental health issues can manifest in different ways in the workplace, including stress and burnout, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Stress and burnout can occur when an employee feels overwhelmed by their workload, and is unable to cope with the demands of their job. Symptoms of stress and burnout can include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and a lack of motivation. It is important for employers to recognize these signs and provide employees with the necessary support to help them manage their stress levels. Depression is another common mental health issue that can affect professional life. Symptoms of depression can include persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. It is important to provide employees with the resources and support they need to manage their depression, and to ensure that they seek professional help if necessary. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue that can have a significant impact on one’s ability to perform at work. Symptoms of anxiety can include difficulty concentrating, restlessness, irritability, and difficulty making decisions. Employers should be aware of these signs and provide employees with the necessary resources and support to manage their anxiety. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that can adversely affect an individual’s ability to perform at work. Substance abuse can lead to difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships. It is important for employers to recognize any signs of substance abuse and provide employees with the resources and support they need to address the problem. It is essential that employers create a supportive workplace environment that promotes mental health and well-being. This includes providing mental health awareness training for staff and managers, implementing policies and practices that promote a healthy work-life balance, and providing resources and support for employees who are struggling with mental health issues. By taking steps to address mental health issues, employers can create a workplace that is supportive and conducive to productivity. Mental Health in social life Social life plays a critical role in mental health, as it is an important source of support and connection. Social connections provide individuals with a sense of belonging, purpose, and meaning. The quality of relationships between individuals is often a reflection of the quality of their mental health, as social connections can both positively and negatively affect mental health. Social support from family, friends, and the community helps to provide an environment of acceptance and understanding. It can also provide individuals with the resources they need to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns. Social support can also be highly beneficial in helping individuals to recognize and address their mental health needs. Social media has had a significant impact on social life and mental health. Social media can be a helpful tool for connecting with others and promoting positive mental health, but it can also have a negative impact. Social media can foster feelings of comparison and social isolation, leading to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Social media can also be a source of cyberbullying, which can cause severe emotional distress and have long-term consequences for individuals’ mental health. Therefore, it is important to be mindful when using social media, and to be aware of the potential risks. In addition to social media, the physical environment can also influence mental health. Unsafe neighbourhoods, overcrowding, and pollution can all contribute to mental health issues. Poor living conditions can also lead to feelings of helplessness, isolation, and stress, which can further worsen mental health. The workplace is also an important factor in mental health. The workplace is a source of stress, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. Unfair treatment, discrimination, and harassment can all have serious negative impacts on mental health. It is important to ensure that workplaces are safe, inclusive, and respectful, and that they promote positive mental health. Overall, mental health is essential to consider in the context of social life. Social connections can provide important support and resources, while social media and physical environments can have a significant impact on mental health. The workplace is an important factor in mental health, and it is important to ensure that it is a safe, inclusive, and respectful environment. It is essential to take steps to promote positive mental health, and to support individuals in recognizing and addressing their mental health needs. Mental health in sports Mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It affects athletes, coaches, and staff in all levels of sport. Mental health is often overlooked and under-discussed, yet has a significant impact on performance and well-being. This paper will discuss the prevalence of mental health issues in sports, the various forms they can take, the factors that contribute to them, and the strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. Mental health issues in sports are very common and can have a major impact on athletes’ performance, physical health, and overall well-being. According to the World Health Organization, one in four people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime. This statistic is even higher in the sports world, with research showing that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. These issues can have a direct effect on athletes’ performance and physical health, as well as their mental and emotional well-being. Mental health issues in sports can take many forms, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, and even suicide. Depression is one of the most common forms of mental health issues in sports. It is estimated that up to 21 percent of athletes suffer from depression. Symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety is another common mental health issue in sports. It is estimated that up to 20 percent of athletes suffer from anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety include excessive worry and fear, difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, difficulty sleeping, and physical symptoms such as headaches and nausea. Eating disorders are also common in the sports world, with up to 28 percent of athletes suffering from an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. Symptoms of eating disorders include extreme changes in eating habits, excessive exercise, and changes in weight. Substance abuse is also a major problem in the sports world, with up to 15 percent of athletes suffering from substance abuse issues. Symptoms of substance abuse include changes in behavior, difficulty concentrating, and physical symptoms such as nausea and headaches. Finally, suicide is a major issue in the sports world, with up to 8 percent of athletes attempting suicide. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports. These can include physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. Physical stress is one of the most common factors contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the physical demands of the sport, the demands of training, and the demands of competition. Emotional stress is also a major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform, the fear of failure, and the fear of not meeting expectations. Injury is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include physical injuries as well as the emotional and psychological impact of injury. Lack of support is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include lack of support from teammates, coaches, and family. Finally, pressure to perform is another major factor contributing to mental health issues in sports. This can include the pressure to perform well, the pressure to win, and the pressure to succeed. There are many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world. These can include increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. Increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues is an important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include educating athletes, coaches, and staff on the signs and symptoms of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and encouraging open dialogue about mental health issues. Providing access to mental health resources is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include providing access to mental health professionals, providing support groups, and providing access to mental health services. Finally, implementing policies and procedures to support athletes is another important step in promoting better mental health in the sports world. This can include implementing policies and procedures to address mental health issues, providing training and resources to coaches and staff, and creating an environment of support and understanding. In conclusion, mental health is an important issue in the sports world. It is estimated that up to 50 percent of athletes experience mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse. There are many factors that can contribute to mental health issues in sports, including physical and emotional stress, injury, lack of support, and pressure to perform. There are also many strategies that can be implemented to promote better mental health in the sports world, including increasing awareness and understanding of mental health issues, providing access to mental health resources, and implementing policies and procedures to support athletes. By implementing these strategies, the sports world can create an environment of support and understanding, and promote better mental health for all involved. mental health of pregnant and lactating mothers Mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health disorders can have a negative impact on the life of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Women who experience mental health issues during pregnancy and lactation are more likely to experience complications, engage in unhealthy behaviours, and require additional medical care. It is therefore important that mental health issues are identified and addressed as early as possible, to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. When a woman becomes pregnant, her body undergoes significant physical, psychological and emotional changes. These changes can be overwhelming, and can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, depression, and other mental health issues. Pregnant women may also experience hormonal changes, which can affect their mood and behaviour. Women who are pregnant are at an increased risk of developing mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, and it is important that these issues are identified and addressed as early as possible. Lactation is the process of producing milk for an infant, and is a natural process that occurs after childbirth. Lactation is essential for any mother who wishes to breastfeed her child, and can also be beneficial for both mother and child in terms of bonding and health. However, lactation can also be a source of stress and anxiety for some mothers, especially those who are new to the process. Lactation can also lead to feelings of exhaustion, which can have a negative impact on a woman’s mental health. It is therefore important that lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues can have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of a pregnant or lactating woman, and the health of her unborn or newborn baby. Depression and anxiety can lead to increased levels of stress, which can affect a woman’s physical and mental health. Women who are experiencing depression or anxiety during pregnancy or lactation may be less likely to seek medical attention, or to follow a healthy lifestyle, which can put both mother and baby at risk. Women who are experiencing mental health issues during pregnancy or lactation may also be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviours, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and using recreational drugs, which can have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. It is important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed. Pregnant and lactating women should make an effort to eat a balanced diet, get plenty of rest and exercise, and stay connected to family and friends. Women should also take time to relax and take part in activities that they enjoy, as this can help to reduce stress and anxiety. Women should also seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties, as this can help to ensure the health and wellbeing of both mother and baby. In conclusion, mental health is an essential component of any woman’s overall health and well-being, and particularly so for pregnant and lactating mothers. The physical, psychological and emotional changes brought about by pregnancy and lactation can have a significant impact on a woman’s mental health, and can place her at risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and postpartum psychosis. It is therefore important that pregnant and lactating women take steps to ensure their mental health is well-managed, and that they seek help from a health professional if they experience any mental health difficulties. Mental health issues among politicians Mental health issues have always been a cause of concern for individuals, regardless of their profession or social standing. This is particularly true for politicians, who are often under immense pressure to perform and are constantly in the public eye. This can lead to a range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and even suicidal ideation. However, due to the stigma associated with mental health, politicians are often reluctant to seek help, which can have severe consequences. In this paper, we will discuss the mental health issues that politicians face, the factors that contribute to them, and the importance of seeking professional help. Depression is one of the most common mental health issues among politicians. This is often due to the intense pressure that politicians are under to perform their duties and to maintain public approval. As a result, they may feel overwhelmed, isolated, and exhausted. Furthermore, the constant scrutiny and criticism from the public and the media can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Anxiety is also a common mental health issue among politicians. This is often due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of the political environment. Politicians may feel overwhelmed by the potential consequences of their decisions, as well as the potential for failure. Furthermore, their anxiety may be exacerbated by the fear of public criticism, or of not being able to meet the expectations of their constituents. Substance abuse is another mental health issue that politicians face. This is often due to the stress and anxiety associated with their positions, as well as the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere. As a result, they may turn to drugs and alcohol in an effort to cope with their feelings of stress and anxiety. Furthermore, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Suicidal ideation is another mental health issue associated with politics. This is often due to the intense pressure and criticism that politicians face, as well as feelings of isolation and exhaustion. Additionally, the high-stakes environment of politics can lead to feelings of guilt and regret, particularly when decisions do not go as planned. Furthermore, the public scrutiny and criticism can lead to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, which can lead to suicidal thoughts. There are several factors that can contribute to mental health issues among politicians. These include the intense pressure and scrutiny that they face, the unpredictability of the political environment, the need to remain socially acceptable in the public sphere, and the potential consequences of their decisions. Additionally, the power and influence associated with their positions can make it difficult for politicians to admit that they have a problem and seek help. Furthermore, the lack of time for rest and relaxation can exacerbate existing mental health issues. It is important for politicians to seek professional help in order to address their mental health issues. Mental health professionals can provide the necessary support and guidance to help politicians manage their symptoms and cope with the stress and anxiety associated with their positions. Additionally, professional help can provide a safe and supportive environment for politicians to discuss their feelings and to develop strategies for managing their mental health. Furthermore, professional help can offer the opportunity to explore underlying issues and to make meaningful changes in their lives.

“Practice Makes a man perfect” Luis Enrique Spain Football Team Manager had advised the team players to practice 1000 penalties before the FIFA World Cup 2022 being aware of the importance of penalty kicks. The players either had not practiced or their practiced went in vain as they were defeated by Morocco in penalty shoot outs in the FIFA World Cup 2022. The ball possession of Spain was significantly higher than Morocco, but Spain team was unable to make lethal moves to score a goal. While on the other hand a couple of good moves were missed by the striker of Morocco. Spain didn’t play attacking game and with such ball possession they should have scored at least two goals. On the other hand, Morocco team was quite defensive but whenever get an opportunity made good moves but the strikers could not finish those moves. In the FIFA World Cup 2022, Spain vs Morocco has given the other teams some good lessons. The teams at knockout stages should play an attacking game rather than focusing on ball possession. If you have 70% of the ball possession and you do not score a goal it is a failure. Though Morocco won the match but they didn’t show the class which they have in the group stage matches. They were very much in the back foot and will need to change their game approach against Portugal in the quarter finals. Morocco at FIFA World Cup 2022 have surprised the football fans in group stage matches and before the Spain vs Morocco match many analysts had predicted a crunch encounter. In the upcoming match against Portugal Morocco cannot be declared as underdogs and they have the ability to outclass Portugal as well with a slight change of their approach by playing an attacking game.

Introduction Dog history is as old as man. The man's primary life was nomadic. Thus its food depends on sheep and goat rearing to fulfill its food need and the dog was much supportive in safeguarding its stock. Although there is a religious issue in keeping dogs because of their impurity and fear of disease reality is that the man kept the dog for fun, haunting, protection, and management of the herd. The importance of a dog had been in the man's life and its importance will not lessen. Without dog hunting expeditions are distasteful and managing a large herd of goats and sheep is deception. A dog is a stern guard against predators and robs. The man remains never hostile to the dog despite its impurity and fear of disease. The adopting of dog without any social status (Rich & Poor) adopting of dog is continued for centuries. Significance of Keeping Dog Keeping a pet at home is a tradition since time immemorial. A dog is the most familiar and common pet. It is commonly understood that pet has positive effects on your health. But dogs have the additional benefit of requiring be walking and playing with numerous times a day. A dog has been proved to be a good companion while exercising reducing the risk of heart diseases. It also admitted fact that pet owners particular Dog player vital role in reducing suffering from depression. Taking care of a dog requires frequent activity during the day which keeps you vibrant all the time. Types of Dog Dog lovers, adopters, and experts believe that there are more than 200 types of dogs presently in the world. However, among them, 10 breeds are prominent and most popular. The details are jotted down for the interest of the reader and to identify the breed adopted by the reader. Labrador Retriever Dog lovers are much interested in this average size breed because of its trusting nature, family-friendly and immense brainpower. Much popular in army and hunters because of their high sense ability to search and detecting capability. On an average adult, Labrador sleeps for ten hours. The sleeping hours may increase for Labrador due to hot weather, boredom, illness, and diet. German Shepherd Large in size as compare to Labrador. Despite a threatening look, this kind of breed is almost tender and hard working. German shepherd normally sleeps for twelve hours and maximum up to fourteen hours depending upon its lifestyle. An active German shepherd sleeps for less hour as it has a duty of protection. The sleeping hours of puppies and older German shepherd are comparatively longer. If the sleeping hours of the German shepherd exceeds 16 hours than one should be worried and this may be due to illness. Golden Retriever Very much similar to Labrador retriever. Golden Retriever is well-known for its friendly nature, brilliance and skills as a working dog. Often used for guiding purposes. The average sleeping time of Golden Retrievers is from ten to twelve hours. To manage the sleep of Golden Retriever a place should be established and ensure your dog sleep at night time. Beagle Small, cute, and without anger particularly this bred is used for hunting purposes. Popular to sniff-out prey from large distances. Beagle on average sleep for ten to twelve hours a day. Several factors impact the sleeping time of a Beagle which are: age of the Beagle, level of activity, and its size. Bulldog This breed is normally obedient, cool, and submissive. Bulldogs are best for those adopters who possess small homes and yards. Bulldog spend half of the time in sleeping and remains active for little time (20%). If the Bulldog sleeps for the whole day and becomes anxious then it is a matter of concern. Yorkshire terrier Small, gorgeous, and easy to train. It has long sleep hours ranging from 13 to 18 hours. For a sound sleep a comfortable bed, ensure it sleeps at night time, make it tired and must have a potty break before going to sleep. Boxer Recognized as loyal and a playful shielding manner. Boxers on average also sleep for 12 to 14 hours. Poodle The poodle is a Tiny and Toy size breed. An adult Poodle sleeps for 12 hours. The poodles should have a relaxed environment and a comfortable bed to have normal sleep. Rottweiler Adopted by herder to protect livestock. This breed is considered as a guard dog. It also sleeps for 12 hours and the major factors affecting its sleep are diet, weather, boredom, and illness. Dachshunds Dachshunds breed is hunting dogs and comparatively, it sleeps more due to its instinct and other factors such as boredom, health, and daily activity. Proper Dog Caring The essential parts of keeping and caring for your adopted dog are comprised of proper food, water and friendly shelter besides physical caring. In addition to averting any disease proper caring preventive and curative measures are also inevitable. Regular bathing, cleaning, and dental cleaning will help to avoid getting sick of the dog. Also, keep close eyes on the early streak of Illness, try to teach obedience, and show cordiality. Almost all dogs are interested in water and eager to swim so purchase him a baby pool. Similarly sparing time to play with a dog is another technique to keep the dog healthy. With regards to curative measure regular visit to your Vet and consultation concerning proper medication on monthly basis is also an essential part of proper dog caring to protect the dog from internal and external parasites. Knowledge of the best monthly parasite preventive medication enhances the beauty and physical appearance nice of an adopted dog besides keep him healthy and happy. Furthermore, the significance of vaccines cannot be denied to protect the dog from the most common and grave diseases. The most important vaccine is anti-rabies. Nevertheless, expert warns avoid vaccination to aged dog over twelve years to protect their immune system. Timely availability and Provision of these things in combination with strict adherence to preventative measures to the dog are much instrumental to keep him healthy, harmless, and determine a long and happy life. Much Sleeping Dog As far as much sleepy dog is concerned, research and expert opinion show that many hours sleeping of dog is normal so no one is required to fret. National Sleep Foundation revealed that the average sleep hour of a dog is around 12 to 14 hours According to the National Sleep Foundation, the average dog sleeps between 12 and 14 hours per 24-hour rotation while on the other side Puppies will sleep 18 to 20 hours. Causes of Much Sleep The sleeping pattern can be changed owing to several diseases and age-related issues thus hours and hours of nodding and snoozing is an indicator of an issue and problems with the dogs and need a proper checkup. After a thorough investigation, the veterinary doctor identified several common causes of much sleeping issue among all types of dogs. Among them, prominent causes are illustrated below: 1. Internal, External Warm and parasite/ sucking of blood 2. Anemia (deficiency of red blood cell in hemoglobin) 3. Nutritional deficiency 4. Stress and Separation of anxiety 5. Weighty and sick dogs also sleep more than healthy dogs. 6. Certain breeds are prone towards sleeping more like lazy Bernese Mountain Dog 7. An increase or decrease in eating, urination, or excretion. 8. Behavior problems are a cause of much asleep which is misunderstood 9. Digestive problems and corpulence 10. The increase in sleep also comes with other behavior problems, like : 11. Gazing at crooks or barriers. 12. Fear and aggression are also the main reason for excessive sleep. 13. Walking, slobbering, and other symbols of nervousness It is further maintained that like human beings, it has recently been realized that the dogs can also suffer from hypertension and high blood pressure eventually suffer the sleeping pattern of your adopted dog. Avoiding salt in food and blood pressure-lowering medication can be helpful to treat the dog to intact its natural sleeping pattern. Last but not least, heart diseases are very common in dogs nowadays. Respiratory disorder and swollen bellies are clear symptoms of heart diseases and the major cause of much sleep in a dog. Suggestion / Recommendation Apart from the above causes and issues may by your sleepy dogs indisposed owing to suffering from hypothyroidism, back pain, diabetes, anxiety, or any other serious ailments. Before visiting to your vet and spend a huge sum on testing, determine that your dog is getting much water as dehydration will get more tired. Similarly changing diet and sufficient nutritional food will also much supportive to overcome the issues with your dog. Obedience training will also help you to prevent or better control of these issues. Moreover, endeavor to keep a record of your dog's sleep patterns and other indications. Ensure your dog is a healthy weight and that she has a lot to do during day time. Despite all the efforts the dog is still spent a massive hour then it is vital to time for you to see the vet. Consult in detail and do the recommended test, which is the only way to reach to the real conclusion about your newly adopted dog concerning his much sleep.

Introduction

Sports is such a field which is meant for providing entertainment, healthy environment and promote peace and harmony in different societies and across the globe. Football is undoubtedly the most popular sport in the world. It is even liked by the public in those countries who have poor football infrastructure and their national team is at the bottom of International football ranking. With the advancement in technology people can watch matches live everywhere in the world. The initiation of premier leagues in different countries has boosted the investment in football and produced marvelous talent. Any type of sport in the world is a source of entertainment and has enormous social, economic and health benefits. The leagues of different sports are proving opportunity for the players to earn huge amount of money. It is scientifically proven that sport has positive impact on the human heart and brain (Rosario, 2021). It also enhances the respect for rule of law and players also learn leadership skills at an early age. Though in history sport has been used to promote nationalism in different countries in the modern age the usage of sports for nationalism, ethnicity and religion it is discouraged and unacceptable. Any sport forum having a mission of promoting hatred and biases in the society face severe criticism and often are banned to participate in the competitions. The International bodies of sports have strict policies against such forums. The selection of players from diverse backgrounds in national teams of different countries in different sports is a clear example how sports is unbiased and is based on the principal of equality across the globe. This provides even the poor and marginalized communities to participate in sports. Many world legends have a background from lower classes but gained fame and popularity due to sports in the world. This means sports apart from competition, healthy activity and entertainment is also a source of vanishing inequalities and biases in the society. Not only at the community level such offensive initiatives are discouraged but now the multinational companies and sponsors of sports also want the sports club to be non-controversial in this matter. This means there is an integrated approach form different segments of the society in eliminating biases, discrimination and hatred from the field of sports. One of the renowned clubs in United States is Washington Football club. The name of this club was Washington Redskins. This club was formed in 1932 but changed their club name in 2020. The terms and images used in sports referring to native Americans has been a matter of public controversy for a long time. The term redskin has been declared as disparaging, aggressive and taboo. Individuals from different backgrounds and sports associations groups such as National Congress of American Indians declared the name as a racial slur and have been demanding to change it. Supporter of this name responded with the claim that the use of name was intended respectfully. In this regard several polls were conducted which revealed that significant number of native Americans were not offended by the logo and name of the club. While to academic researchers these polls were scientifically questionable. Later on poll conducted by University of Michigan and University of California revealed that significant number of native Americans declared the name offensive and for those who have a stronger involvement in Native American culture the level of offense increased to 67 % (Recker, 2021). Thus it was proved that the logo and name was offensive and native Americans wanted to change these. Washington Redskins management took the matter seriously when its major sponsor, investment firms and shareholders had recommended to change the club’s name. It is important to mention here that the club was formed in 1932 but changed their name in 2020. This means in modern world of sports there is no space for hatred and offense. For such a long period of time though there have been many attempts to change the name and logo but in vain. But after the George Floyd incident it became inevitable for the club to change their name. The multinational companies and sponsor support for social movement had a significant impact on American football (GP et al., 2021). This has proved that an integrated approach from public, multinational companies and sponsors paved the way for changing the controversial logo and name of the club. It also supports our argument that in the modern day world sports is bridging the gap between nations and promoting peace and harmony. This should continue and is best for the global communities. Sports in future can bring nations closer and can be used as a tool for conflict resolution among different territories. It is now up to the global community to develop sports and change their approach towards it.

Introduction Over the years researchers have attributed alcohol to many diseases and injuries caused to human beings. Its excessive consumption has been declared life threating. In England the estimated number of drinkers are found to be 586000 among which only 18 % are receiving treatment similarly in Scotland in the year 2018/19 there were 3800 hospital admission due to alcohol related issues (Anon., n.d.). In 2018 in USA alone there were 14.4 million adults had Alcohol Use disorder while it has been estimated that annually 86000 people die due to alcohol related issues (Anon., 2020). The consequences of alcoholism on different types of people can different. Professions addicted to alcohol may underperform and get fired from work and sports person may get stamina problems. It has both social and economic consequences for individuals. The important segment to suffer from alcoholism is the students groups particularly in the colleges and universities. The effects of alcoholism on students can be long lasting having negative impacts. Researchers have also found that Problematic alcohol use among university student has been associated with lowly academic achievement, social phobia and peer pressure. More in depth studies are needed to gain insights about alcoholism among students. Keeping these alarming figures in view it is important to study the trends patterns and association of alcohol among the students particularly focusing University and College students. Any descriptive, correlational or causal study will reveal useful results on the basis of which policy makers and can design programs to address the issue. Significance of the study The study is being carried out among the university students and its results can be used to design and implement such programs which will curb rising level of alcohol addicts in different age brackets and will ultimately results in the better academic and health outcomes among the university and college students My research question In this project I will be looking at whether which age group in the University of Kent are more likely to drink alcohol. Thus my dependent variable is alcohol any, while my independent variable is age group. Possible mechanisms connecting my potential cause and my outcome The reason for me, choosing this research question is that as university students we are all expected to do the best and earn good grades. The range of the age group varies, ranging around age 19, 20, 21 and age 22 plus. To which the different style of living and work differs between each age group. As a university student myself, it can be expected and assumed that the first year (age 19) would have more freedom and little work,, thus allowing them to have get drunk and take in alcohol. While the masters and to some extent third year university students would drink less, since they are receiving more assessments and have increase projects. But this could also mean that the third year and master’s student could drink more alcohol since they have lots of stress and thus require some help to calm their nerves and relax from the stress of their work. My expectation is that the age group of age 19 are more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. Since they are mostly undergraduate students and that they are first year students that they do not have any assessments and work. Thus, they do not need to worry about any stress and could have fun in their first year in the university. Variables Dependent variable My dependent variable is drinking alcohol. To which this comes from the following question: ‘’ First, thinking about ALL kinds of alcoholic drink, have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind during the last 12 months?’’ - Yes (1) - Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 months (2) - Do not drink alcohol at all (3) - Don't wish to answer For this has been recorded and supplied to me and us in the data from a dummy variable for drinking any alcohol (Yes) | (Not drunk alcohol at all in last 12 month) | (Do not drink alcohol at all) | (Don't wish to answer). But I am missing the data on alcohol consumption frequency from 1556 people out of 2223 respondents. The frequency of remaining responses has been shown in the analysis part: Main independent variable My main independent variable is agegroup. This comes from the University of Kent administrative system, and is based on the University of Kent’s Self Report Student’s age group consumption of alcohol in the year of 2017 in their time in the University. Analysis Part I: Age Group Frequency Percent 19 or younger 607 27.3 20 636 28.6 21 470 21.1 22+ 510 22.9 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the distribution of age groups in the sample. It shows that most of the respondents were in the age group of 20 (28.6%) followed by 27.3 % in the age group of 19 or younger. There are 22.9 percent in the age group of 22 or more and 21.1 % in the age category of 21. No age group has significantly high number of respondents and it is quite balanced to be comparative analysis. Alcohol any Frequency Percent No 91 4.1 Yes 576 25.9 Total 667 30.0 Missing -99 1556 70.0 Total 2223 100.0 This table shows the results of responses to alcohol drinking and shows that comparatively the number of alcohol drinker is higher than the non- drinkers. The positive responses in alcohol drinking is 25.9 compare to 4.1 negative responses agegroup * alcohol_any Crosstabulation alcohol_any Total No Yes agegroup 19 or younger 11 27 38 20 29 214 243 21 22 176 198 22+ 29 159 188 Total 91 576 667 This table shows the results of cross tabulation between age group and any alcohol. This shows that mostly the age group of 20 drink alcohol and followed by age group of 22. The age group of 19 has also higher positive results 27 in comparison to only 11 negative responses. Analysis Part II: Is this pattern systematic? The simple linear regression cannot be run as the data we have is not scale data. We have a dependent variable having two categories (yes and no) while the independent variable has four age categories. Both of the dependent and independent variables are categorical therefore we will use multi nominal logistic regression to see the probability of alcohol usage among different age categories. We have run a multi nominal logistic regression inserting our dependent variable and independent variable to see whether the pattern is systematic or not. In this Multi nominal regression the category of “Yes” has been taken as base category and the results of the below tables it show that the overall model is significant at 0.4 level. While the intercept is significant at 0.000 level. Only the age group of 19 or younger is significant and has positive coefficient value. This means the age group of 19 or younger has lowest probability to not drink any type of alcohol. While all other age categories have negative coefficients but are insignificant. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 27.127 Final 18.857 8.270 3 .041 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 18.857a .000 0 . agegroup 27.127 8.270 3 .041 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. The likelihood ratio table shows that the age group is statistically significant at 0.041. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.702 .202 71.016 1 .000 [agegroup=19] .804 .411 3.828 1 .050 2.234 .999 4.996 [agegroup=20] -.297 .283 1.104 1 .293 .743 .427 1.293 [agegroup=21] -.378 .303 1.553 1 .213 .685 .378 1.242 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Rationale for these control variables Gender is one the important factors in determining whether a student a will drink alcohol or not (Ely, et al., 1999). While the students having more than seven friends are expected to participate in gatherings and parties and enjoy alcohol during these activities. Although we cannot find a support to our this claim in the literature but intuitively in the absence of any research claims we can include a control variable in the model to study its effect. Description of control variables The first control variable is gender which includes two categories i.e. male and female represented by 1 and 0 respectively While the second control variable is seven plus friends and it has two categories i.e. other number of friends and seven plus friends Regression model including control variables In this model we have included two control variables gender and 7 or more friends with dependent variable of anyalcohol and the independent variable of age group. The reference category is “yes”. The result of the regression shows that overall mode is significant at 0.005 level. While male has significant positive coefficient and seven or more friend has negative significant coefficient. The age category of 19 or younger has significant and positive coefficient. Model Fitting Information Model Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept Only 72.586 Final 55.771 16.815 5 .005 Likelihood Ratio Tests Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests -2 Log Likelihood of Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig. Intercept 55.771a .000 0 . male 59.421 3.650 1 .056 friends_7plus 61.161 5.389 1 .020 agegroup 65.075 9.303 3 .026 The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final model and a reduced model. The reduced model is formed by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of freedom. Parameter Estimates alcohol_anya B Std. Error Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) Lower Bound Upper Bound No Intercept -1.930 .262 54.066 1 .000 male .458 .240 3.631 1 .057 1.581 .987 2.533 friends_7plus -.634 .285 4.969 1 .026 .530 .304 .926 [agegroup=19] 1.181 .432 7.463 1 .006 3.259 1.396 7.605 [agegroup=20] -.106 .302 .124 1 .725 .899 .498 1.624 [agegroup=21] -.145 .320 .204 1 .652 .865 .462 1.621 [agegroup=22] 0b . . 0 . . . . a. The reference category is: Yes. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. Limitations & conclusion In this project, I hypothesis that the 19 years old were more likely to drink the most alcohol than the other age group. I expected that this is from the case of a report published in Harvard health publishing where it is stated that with growing age people rarely consume alcohol (Anon., n.d.). The second assumption was that 19 or younger is the age bracket where students like to hang out and enjoy in the initial years of University with little pressure of courses and consume alcohol comparatively more than the other age categories. Contrary to our claim the age category of 19 or younger have low probability of drinking alcohol while in other age categories the probability is high. After the inclusion of control variables we come to know that with the increased number of friends the probability of drinking increases. This means students who are part of various clubs, forums and in any kind of groups related to amusements are prone to suffer from alcoholism. This is mainly because the groups include addicts and the non addicts gradually start drinking alcohol in the company. However many control variables were not included which might have effects on the dependent variable and this study needs to be conducted with collection and inclusion of more control variables in the future. The inclusion of variables related to demographics, psychological aspects and income variables may reveal strong results. Bibliography Anon., 2020. National Institute on Alchohol Abuse and Alcoholism. [Online] Available at: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. AlcoholchangeUK. [Online] Available at: https://alcoholchange.org.uk/alcohol-facts/fact-sheets/alcohol-statistics [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Anon., n.d. Harvard Health Publishing. [Online] Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/alcohol-and-age-a-risky-combination [Accessed 5 April 2020]. Ely, M., Hardy, R., Longford, N. T. & Wadsworth, M. E., 1999. Gender differences between in the relationship between alcohol consumption and drink problems are largely accounted for by body water. Alcohol and Alcoholism, pp. 894-902.